DEFINITION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice
A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient
A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient
Example
: The mechanic fixed the car.
Passive Voice
A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle
Passive Voice
A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle
Example
: The car was fixed by the mechanic.
Notes
·
The object of the active verb
becomes the subject of the passive verb. The subject of the active verb becomes
the object of the passive verb.
·
Note that the object of the passive
verb is not always mentioned. If we have to mention it, we usually introduce it
by the conjunction ‘by’.
TRANSITIVE
AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
·
Definition of transitive and
intransitive verbs
-
Transitive
Verbs
Transitive
verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. In the first
sentence above, the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.
Example :
I
cooked some cookies
I moved the chair.
I stitched a quilt.
**All of the verbs in the above sentences are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb.
I moved the chair.
I stitched a quilt.
**All of the verbs in the above sentences are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb.
-
Intransitive
Verbs
Intransitive
verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving
the action.
Example :
I laughed.
I cried.
The sun set.
** In all of the above cases the subject is performing the action of the verb and nothing is receiving the action.
Example :
I laughed.
I cried.
The sun set.
** In all of the above cases the subject is performing the action of the verb and nothing is receiving the action.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE: TENSES RULES + EXAMPLE
1.
Simple Present tense
An Active sentence in the simple present tense has the
following structure:
“Subject + first form of the verb/V1 + object”
“Subject + first form of the verb/V1 + object”
An passive sentence in the simple
present tense has the following structure:
“Object of the active
sentence + is/am/are + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the
active sentence”
(Active) I write a letter.
(Passive) A letter is written by me.
2.
Present Prefect tense
An Active sentence in the present
perfect tense has the following structure:
“S+ has/have +
past participle form of the verb”
An passive
sentence in the present perfect tense has the following structure:
“Object of the active sentence + has/have + been
+ by + past participle form of the verb”
(Active) Jane has eaten banana
(Passive) banana has been eaten by Jane
3.
Present Continous
An Active sentence in the present continous has the following
structure:
“Subject + is/am/are + -ing form of the verb”
“Subject + is/am/are + -ing form of the verb”
An passive sentence in the present
continous has the following structure:
“Object of the active
sentence + is/am/are + being + by + past participle form
of the verb”
(Active) Robert is singing a song
(Passive) a song is being
sung by Robert
4.
Simple Past
An Active sentence in the Simple Past has the following structure:
“Subject + Second form of the verb/V2 + object”
“Subject + Second form of the verb/V2 + object”
An passive sentence in the simple
past has the following structure:
“Object of the active sentence + was/were + by +
past participle form of the verb”
(Active) Clara ate pizza
(Passive) Pizza was eaten by Clara
5.
Past Perfect
An Active sentence in the Past perfect has the
following structure:
“Subject + had + past participle form of the verb”
An passive sentence in the past
perfect has the following structure:
“Object of the active sentence + had
+ been + by + past participle form of the verb”
(Active)
Alice had washed a shoes
(Passive) a shoes
had been washed by Alice
6.
Past Continous
An Active sentence in the Past continous has the
following structure:
“Subject + was/were + -ing form of the verb”
An passive sentence in the past
perfect has the following structure:
“Object of the active sentence + was/were +
being + by + past participle form of the verb
(Active) Maria was cooking fried rice
(Passive) fried rice was being cooked by Maria
FORMING PASSIVE WITH MODALS
FORMING PASSIVE WITH MODALS
Affirmative Form
|
Object + may, must, can, could, ought to,
should + be + verb3
|
Question Form
|
Must, may, can, should, might + object + be +
verb3 (past participle)
|
Something must /
can / should... be done by someone at sometime.
1.(Active) Our English teacher may give an exam
today.
(Passive) An exam may be given by our English
teacher today.
2.(Active) Thomas has written many books.
(Passive) Many books have been written by
Thomas.
3.(Active)
Do you have to pay the bill before leaving the restaurant?
(Passive) the bill have to be paid before
leaving the restaurant?
4.(Active) Juan can give them some information
about the job.
(Passive) Some information can be given about
the job by Juan.
5.(Active) You must obey the traffic rules.
(Passive) The traffic rules must be obeyed.
CHANGING ACTIVE TO PASSIVE
STEP 1: move
the object to the subject position
A letter….
STEP 2: change
the verb to the passive, making sure that “BE” takes the same tense as the verb
in the active sentence
A letter is written…..
STEP 3: drop the subject
A letter is written by Kate
CHANGING PASSIVE TO ACTIVE
CHANGING PASSIVE TO ACTIVE
STEP 1: Identify
the subject of the sentence who is doing an action.
William….
STEP 2: Rewrite the sentence so the subject is performing the action.
STEP 2: Rewrite the sentence so the subject is performing the action.
William was stealing…
STEP 3: drop the Object
William was stealing money
EXERCISES
STEP 3: drop the Object
William was stealing money
EXERCISES
Each sentence
given below is in the active voice. Change it into passive voice.
1. I did not beat
her.
2. I will never
forget this experience.
3. Mother made a
cake yesterday.
4. The boy teased
the girl.
5. Did she do her
duty?
6. The tiger was
chasing the deer.
7. She has
written a novel.
8. She has
learned her lessons.
9. Have you
finished the report?
10. The police
have caught the thief.
Answers
1. She was not
beaten by me.
2. This
experience will never be forgotten by me.
3. A cake was
made by mother yesterday.
4. The girl was
teased by the boy.
5. Was her duty
done by her?
6. The deer was
being chased by the tiger.
7. A novel has
been written by her.
8. Her lessons
have been learned by her.
9. Has the report
been finished by you?
10. The thief has
been caught by the police.
Sources from:
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